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The U.S. State Department's "Trafficking in Persons Report, 2012" and "Trafficking in Persons Report, 2013" raised Israel's rank to Tier 1 after having ranked Israel Tier 2 between 2007 to 2011.〔("Trafficking in Persons Report 2012.'' ). U.S. Department of State (June 2012) p.194.〕 (A Tier 1 ranking is the highest rating given to a government that "has acknowledged the existence of human trafficking, has made efforts to address the problem." The State Department reports: "The Government of Israel continued to improve its strong protection of trafficking victims over the reporting period."〔("Trafficking in Persons Report 2012.'' ). U.S. Department of State (June 2012) p.38.〕) The State of Israel ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children on 23 Jul 2008 .〔() United Nations Treaty Collection. "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children... Status of ratification of the SEM and SSA countries"〕 Human trafficking in Israel includes the trafficking of men and women into the country for forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Low-skilled workers from China, Romania, Africa, Turkey, Thailand, the Philippines, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and India migrate voluntarily for contract labor in the construction, agriculture, and health care industries. Some, however, subsequently face conditions of forced labor, such as unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, non-payment of wages, threats, and physical intimidation. Many labor recruitment agencies in source countries and in Israel require workers to pay recruitment fees ranging from $1,000 to $10,000—a practice that makes workers highly vulnerable to trafficking once in Israel, and in some cases, situations of debt bondage. Israel was also a destination country for women trafficked from Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Belarus, China, South Korea and possibly the Philippines for the purpose of sexual exploitation. In 2008, NGO had noted an increase in the internal trafficking of Israeli women for commercial sexual exploitation, and reported new instances of trafficking of Israeli women abroad to Canada, Ireland, and England. African asylum seekers entering Israel illegally are also vulnerable to trafficking for forced labor or prostitution.〔"Israel". (''Trafficking in Persons Report 2008'' ). U.S. Department of State (June 4, 2008). 〕 Large numbers of Eritreans had been trafficked into Israel.〔(Refugees and the Rashaida: human smuggling and trafficking from Eritrea to Sudan and Egypt ) NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH, Research Paper No. 254〕 In 2007, the government increased the number of convictions for sex trafficking offenses, and conducted a campaign to prevent forced labor.〔 Israel also continues to provide victims of sex trafficking with shelter, legal aid and protection assistance. NGOs claim that "the shelters are insufficient to treat the scale of trafficking victims who were not officially identified in Israel, particularly among migrants and asylum seekers arriving from the Sinai".〔("Trafficking in Persons Report 2012.'' ). U.S. Department of State (June 2012) p.195.〕 In 2012 it was reported that "the number of women affected continues to decline since the passage and implementation of Israel’s 2006 anti-trafficking law."〔 The construction of the 245 mile Israel–Egypt barrier in 2013, is credited with further eliminating human trafficking into Israel, by closing the primary route by which trafficking of people into Israel had occurred.〔United States Department of State, 2013 Trafficking in Persons Report - Israel, 19 June 2013, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/51c2f3b424.html (21 June 2014 )〕 ==Prosecution== The Government of Israel has made uneven progress in prosecuting and punishing trafficking offenses. Israel prohibits all forms of trafficking in persons through its Anti-Trafficking Law that came into force on October 29, 2006, which prescribes penalties of up to 16 years' imprisonment for sex trafficking of an adult, up to 20 years' imprisonment for sex trafficking of a minor, up to 16 years' imprisonment for slavery, and up to 7 years' imprisonment for forced labor. These penalties are commensurate with those for other grave crimes, such as rape. In 2007, the government convicted 38 individuals for sex trafficking—four more than in 2006—with sentences ranging from six months to 15 years' imprisonment and fines.〔 In addition, 16 prosecutions for sex trafficking were in process as of 2008, and another 15 cases were pending appeal. Israel made some efforts to investigate and punish acts of involuntary servitude; in 2007, the government prepared three indictments for forced labor and one indictment for slavery. In addition, three criminal cases of fraud/deceit of foreign workers involving five defendants were pending prosecution or appeal as of 2008. Israel reported no prosecutions, convictions, or punishments of government officials complicit in trafficking in 2007.〔 In Feb 2013 the newspaper Haaretz successfully sued the Tel Aviv District Court to reveal the name of a major sex trafficker who became a police informer, David Digmi. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human trafficking in Israel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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